Oenothera biennis L.

Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) is an upright biennial herb up to 1.2 meters tall from the Onagraceae family native to North America, its corolla opening at night and closing in the morning. The Cherokee and Iroquois tribes have used this plant as food and medicine for hundreds of years. Evening primrose is traditionally used to treat hemorrhoids, sore throat, and bruises.

Evening primrose is commonly found on sand dunes, roadsides, gardens, and waste disposal sites. Grows well in well-drained sandy loam soil in a warm, sunny position, at elevations of 700 m asl. Although the species tolerates most soil types, heavy clay soil can cause rotting in winter. Established plants are drought-tolerant. This species can also grow well in very poor soil.

• Roots taproot, sturdy.
• Stem round, hairy, green (sometimes reddish).
• Leaves simple, arranged in a basal rosette, alternate, veins pinnate, upper surface green and finely hairy while the lower surface is light green and smooth with slight hairiness, obovate-elliptic-lanceolate shaped, apex blunt, base pointed, leaf margin finely toothed-entire.
• Flowers fragrant, with a pale yellow corolla, with 4 petals. Sepals 4, narrowly triangular shaped, curved. Stamens number 8. Pistil formed from two fused carpels, stigma 4-lobed. Inflorescence a spiny raceme.
• Fruit a narrow capsule, round, blunt-tipped, about 25-35 mm long, hairy when young, with 4 chambers in each capsule.
• Seeds very small reddish brown, with 100-300 seeds per capsule.

Propagation is generative through seed sowing.

Flavonoid glycosides (kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside), catechin, phenolic acids (ellagic, gallic, caffeic, coumaric), tannins (oenothein A, oenothein B), linoleic, gamma-linolenic acid, oleate, palmitate, stearic acid, phenolic compounds (ellagitannin and caffeoyl tartaric acid), sterols (sitosterol, oenothera lanosterol A, oenothera lanosterol).

Treats hemorrhoids, sore throat, whooping cough, asthma, wounds, bruises, obesity, intestinal problems, relieves pain/inflammatory effects of premenstrual syndrome, mastitis, rheumatoid arthritis, prevents nerve damage from diabetes, relieves eczema/psoriasis, prevents premature aging, treats acne, reduces or prevents numbness and tingling, treats Alzheimer's-related senility, prevents impotence and infertility, lowers blood pressure, lowers cholesterol levels, prevents blood vessel blockage from excess cholesterol, promotes healthy nails, skin and hair. Has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antitumor, antibacterial, and antineuropathic activity.

• Prepare fresh evening primrose root, wash clean with running water then drain.
• Sun-dry directly for several days or use an oven at 40°C until the moisture content reaches 10%.
• Grind using a blender until it becomes powder.
• Store the simplicia in a clean, airtight plastic or container.

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